Words
Word Classes (atauParts of Speech)
Semua kata dalam Bahasa Inggris masuk ke dalam kategori yang disebut word classes(atauparts of speech) sesuai dengan fungsi masing-masing kata tersebut dalam sebuah kalimat. Word Class utama kata-kata tersebut dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut.
A. Word Class 1: Nouns (Proper Noun-Common Nouns;Concrete nouns-Abstract Nouns)
Secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa sebuah noun (kata benda) adalah kata yang menjelaskan tentang:
a person (man, girl, engineer, friend)
a thing (horse, wall, flower, country)
an idea, quality, or state (anger, courage, life, luckiness)
Harap diingat bahwa semua kata benda adalah kata digunakan untuk person atau people (orang), animals (binatang), places (tempat), things (benda), danideas (ide atau gagasan). Lebih jauh setiap kata benda dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai common nouns atau proper noun, atau dapat juga diklasifikasi menjadi concrete nouns dan abstract nouns.Perbedaan masing-masing klasifikasi di atas dapat dengan mudah dilihat pada contoh berikut ini.
Proper Noun and Common Nouns
Di dalam kalimat berikut diberikan contoh proper noun dan common noun. Di sini dapat Anda lihat bahwa proper noun bersifat spesifik dan selalu diawali dengan huruf kapital, sedangkan common nounslebih bersifat umum.
1. Common noun: I want to be a writer.
Proper noun: Agatha Christie wrote many books.
2. Common noun: I’d like to adopt a cat.
Proper noun: Cleopatra is the cutest kitten ever.
3. Common noun: Would you like a cookie?
Proper noun: I’m craving Oreos.
4. Common noun: Let’s go to the city.
Proper noun: Let’s go to San Francisco.
5. Common noun: My teacher starts work before sunup.
Proper noun: Mr. Bell seems to understand what students need.
6. Common noun: I think that’s a planet, not a star.
Proper noun: I can see Jupiter tonight.
7. Common noun: He’s always hanging out with his girlfriend.
Proper noun: He never goes anywhere without Sarah.
8. Common noun: There are a lot of important documents in the archives.
Proper noun: There are many important documents at The Library of Congress.
Bagaimana Menggunakan Proper Nouns
Penggunaan Proper Noun dapat dengan mudah dilakukan seperti contoh di bawah ini.
• Brett had hoped for an easy teacher for his algebra class, but he got Ms. Boggs, whose unreasonable demands and short temper made the semester unbearable.
→ Teacher adalahcommon noun. Ms. Boggsadalahproper noun.
• Gloria had a craving, and not just any cookie would do. She went to the store and bought a box of Oreos.
→ Cookie adalahcommon noun. Oreos adalahproper noun.
• We wanted to try a new restaurant, so we went to Taste of Thai.
→ Restaurantadalahcommon noun. Taste of Thaiadalah proper noun.
Sekarang coba lihat kalimat berikut. Perhatikan perbedaan antara common noun dan proper noun.
Tina offered Antonio one of her mother's homemade oatmeal cookies but only an Oreo would satisfy his sweet tooth.
Cookies = common noun; Oreo = proper noun.
Charlie had wanted an easy teacher for his composition class, but he got Mrs. Hacket, whose short temper and unreasonable demands made the semester a torture.
Teacher = common noun; Mrs. Hacket = proper noun.
Gloria wanted to try a new restaurant, so Richard took her to Tito's Taco Palace, where no one dips into the hot sauce until the drinks have arrived at the table.
Restaurant = common noun; Tito's Taco Palace = proper noun.
Nama Andaadalahproper noun. Proper nounadalah kata khusus yang digunakan untuk orang, tempat atau organisasi, seperti John, Marie, London, France atau Sony. Nama adalah kata benda, tapi merupakan kata benda khusus, disebut proper noun.
common noun proper noun
man, boy John
woman, girl Mary
country, town England, London
Company Ford, Sony
shop, restaurant Maceys, McDonalds
month, day of the week January, Sunday
book, film War and Peace, Titanic
Concrete Noun (Kata Benda Konkret)
Kata benda konkret adalah nama atau sebutan yang digunakan untuk sesuatu yang bisa kita alami atau lihat melalui satu atau lebih pancaindrea, yaitu bisa dilihat (sight), bisa didengar (hearing), bisa dicium (smell), bisa diraba (touch), ataubisa dirasakan (taste). Lawan kata benda konkret adalah kata benda abstract (abstract noun) seperti jiwa (soul), cinta (love), imajinasi (imagination), dll.
Kata benda konkret (Concrete noun)dapat berbentuk:
• Common nouns (misalnya: man, dog)
• Proper nouns (misalnya: Simon, Bonzo)
• Countable nouns (misalnya: bear, country)
• non-countable nouns (misalnya: music, tennis)
• Collective nouns (misalnya: choir, group)
Perbedaan antara Concrete Nouns dan Abstract Nouns
Jika Anda tidak dapat melihat, mendengar, meraba, mencium, atau merasakan sesuatu, berarti itu bukan concrete noun.
Concrete Nouns Abstract Nouns
student
fire fighter
dog
pencil
computer intelligence
bravery
loyalty
eloquence
convenience
B. Word Class 2: Verbs (Kata Kerja)
Apa yang dimaksud dengan verb (kata kerja)?
Kata kerja adalah salah satu kata utama dalam sebuah kalimat atau pertanyaan dalam Bahasa Inggris. Anda tidak dapat membuat kalimat atau pertanyaan tanpa kata kerja.
Kata kerja menandai suatu aksi, tindakan, kejadian, keadaan atau kondisi yang dapat berbentuk aktivitas mental, fisik, atau keadaan/kondisi.
Contoh Kata Kerja Fisik (Physical Verbs)
• Let’s run to the corner and back.
• I hear the train coming.
• Call me when you’re finished with class.
Contoh Kata Kerja Mental (Mental Verbs)
I know the answer.
She recognized me from across the room.
Do you believe everything people tell you?
Contoh Kata Kerja Keadaan atau Kondisi (States of Being Verbs)
• I am a student.
• We are circus performers.
• The doorisopen.
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Transitive verb adalah kata kerja memerlukan atau diikuti oleh direct object, sedangkan intransitive verb adalah kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan atau tidak diikuti oleh direct object.
1. Transitive Verb – Joe will send the price quote as soon as he can.
2. Intransitive Verb – Many of the students are not well. They coughed throughout the lesson.
TransitiveVerbs
Transitive verbs adalah kata kerja yang selalu memiliki atau diikuti oleh direct objects.
1. Richard annoys his boss so much that he’ll never get a promotion.
(His bossadalahdirect objectdariannoysdana promotionadalahdirect objectdari get)
2. Jenna brings Mrs. Smith lunch every day.
(Mrs. Smithadalahdirect objectdaribrings. Jenna adalah subject.
Berikut ini adalah daftar kata kerja transitif (transitive verbs)yang harus diikuti oleh direct object:
• bring
• send
• owe
• contain
• buy
• show
• take
• tell
• verify
• check
• get
• wash
• finalize
• annoy
• lay
• lend
• offer
• edit
• make
• phone
Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive verbs adalah kata kerja yang tidak diikuti oleh direct object.
Berikut adalah daftar kata kerja intransitif (intransitive verbs):
• come
• explode
• laugh
• sit
• rise
• excel
• respond
• run
• cough
• swim
• emigrate
• smile
• act
• cry
• immigrate
• lie
• arrive
• continue
• die
• go
Beberapa kata kerja bisa berfungsi sebagai kata kerja transitif dan kata instransitif, tergantung konteks dan pengertian kalimat yang digunakan.
Contoh:
1. Jamie set the documents down on the CEO’s desk.
(Transitif: The documentsadalahdirect objectuntuk kata kerja set.)
2. The sun set low over the Pacific Ocean.
(Intransitive: Low adalahsebuah adverb, bukan direct object. Dalam kalimat ini kata kerja settidak diikuti oleh direct object.)
3. Ms. Tyson manages the accounting department.
(Transitive: The accounting departmentadalahdirect objectuntuk kata kerja manage.)
4. John has had difficulty managing since his wife’s death.
(Intransitive: Sinceadalah preposition of time, bukan direct object. Dalam kalimat ini managingtidak memerlukan direct object)
Berikut adalah kata kerja yang dapat berfungsi sebagai transitif dan juga instransitif, tergantuung konteks kalimat yang digunakan:
• set
• leave
• give
• study
• sit
• grow
• smell
• dance
• sing
• write
• teach
• burn
• eat
• paint
• drive
• manage
• stop
• climb
• run
• check
• cost
• pay
• improve
C. Word Class 3: Adverbs
Adverb adalah kata yang digunakan untuk mengubah atau menjelaskan pengertian suatu kata sifat, kata kerja, atau adverb lainnya. Adverb biasanya berfungsi untuk menjawab pertanyaan seperti misalnya:
• When? She always arrives early.
• How? He drives carefully.
• Where? They go everywhere together.
• In what way? She eats slowly.
• To what extent? It is terribly hot.
Terdapat beberapa aturan dalam menggunakan adverb, dan aturan ini tergantung pada jenis adverb yang digunakan.
• Adverbs yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan atau mengubah kata kerja:
o The dog ran. (Anda dapat membayangkan seekor anjing berlari, tetapi tidak dapat mengetahui bagaimana anjingnya berlari.)
o The dog ran excitedly. (Di sini kata excitedly dapat lebih menjelaskan bagaimana anjing itu berlari.)
• Adverbs sering dibentuk dengan menambahkan –ly pada sebuah kata sifat. Ini lebih memudahkan untuk mengenali adverb pada suatu kalimat.
• Adverb dapat juga digunakan untuk mengubah atau menjelaskan suatu kata sifat memberikan penguatan atau penekanan pada hal yang dimaksud. Contoh:
o He plays tennis well.
o He plays tennis extremely well.
Contoh of Adverbs
1. She was walking rapidly.
2. The kids love playing together in the sandbox.
3. Please come inside now.
4. His jokes are always very funny.
5. You don’t really care, do you?
D. Word Class 4: Adjectives
Kata sifat (Adjectives)adalah kata yang menjelaskan atau memberikan gambaran untuk kata lain, seperti misalnya small, blue, dansharp.
Contoh of adjectives
Typical adjective endings
1. They live in a beautiful house.
2. Lisa is wearing a sleeveless shirt today.
3. This soup is not edible.
4. She wore a beautiful dress.
5. He writes meaningless letters.
6. This shop is much nicer.
7. She wore a beautiful dress.
8. Ben is an adorable baby.
9. Linda’s hair is gorgeous.
10. This glass is breakable.
11. I met a homeless person in NY.
Denominal adjective examples
1. A mathematical puzzle
2. A biological experiment
3. A wooden boat
4. I married an American woman.
5. The Jewish community in NY is very big.
6. Mary has a collection of expensive Russian dolls.
7. In the winter you must wear heavy woollen clothes.
8. The polar bear is listed as threatened.
Order of adjective examples
1. I love that really big old green antique car that is always parked at the end of the street. [quality – size – age – color – qualifier]
2. My sister has a beautiful big white bulldog. [quality – size – color]
3. A wonderful old Italian clock [opinion – age – origin]
4. A big square blue box [size – shape – color]
5. A disgusting pink plastic ornament [opinion – color – material]
6. Some new slim French trousers [age – shape – origin]
7. My small new red sleeping bag [size – age – color – purposee]
8. I bought a pair of black leather shoes. [color – material]
Comparing adjective examples
1. This house is bigger than that one.
2. This flower is more beautiful than that.
3. He is taller than Mr. Hulas.
4. He is more intelligent than this boy.
5. Jonathan is the most handsome man on campus.
6. This is the prettiest dress in the window.
7. I lost my most comfortable shoes.
8. My job is worse than yours.
Compound adjectives examples
1. This is a four-foot table.
2. Daniella is a part-time worker.
3. This is an all-too-common error.
4. Beware of the green-eyed monster.
5. He is a cold-blooded man.
6. We saw a man-eating shark!
7. Danny’s dog is well-behaved.
8. You have to be open-minded about things.
Adjectival phrase examples
1. Susan is really clever.
2. The doctor is very late.
3. My sister is fond of animals.
4. I am happy to meet you.
5. The kids are ready to go.
6. Don’t be afraid of the dark.
7. Tony lost his dark brown briefcase.
8. He’s an extraordinary looking man.
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